Personality and Ill Health Free Essays

Among the mental elements that sway wellbeing, character †that is table individual contrasts in speculation, feeling and carrying on assumes a significant job. For instance, an individual high it could be said of rationality (SOC), along these lines see less pressure and consider the to be as increasingly reasonable, bringing about great wellbeing (Williams, 2010). Besides, the individual contrasts that exist as far as the demeanor the individual has towards their wellbeing and how they conceptualize their disease Is significant. We will compose a custom article test on Character and Ill Health or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now In spite of the fact that It Is a mainstream idea that character characteristics Influence the condition of a people physical wellbeing, It Is hard to set up the genuine idea of the connection among thunderously and wellbeing , including estimation, the qualification between emotionally announced indications and target indications of ailment and the heading of causation (Matthews et al. , 2003). Four manners by which wellbeing status and character may be connected have been distinguished by Souls and Retouches, (1990). Right off the bat is the most grounded presumptions about the significance of character attributes which speak to organically based contrasts that may cause diverse disease results. Second, the connection among qualities and disease may be relationship as opposed to easygoing. Third is the convenience that characteristics lead to practices that In go lead to ailments e. G. Smoking. At long last, Illnesses may cause character changes. In any case research has would in general spotlight on each of these viewpoints in turn which may misrepresent the total Interrelationships that are probably going to exist (Friedman, 2000). The past has demonstrated that from early occasions a connection has quite often been made among character and disease. Hippocrates (460-377 BC) depicted physical sickness as being brought about by the parity of natural liquids or humors †which means character characteristics (Steelmaker and Swastika. , 1992). Character is regularly conceptualized as explicit social styles rather than character issue or character spaces. Type A, Type B, Type C and Type D are a few instances of an assortment of standards of conduct that are gathered to shape a character type. Type A character is one of the most concentrated of these. It Is a standard of conduct set apart by strained quality, restlessness and forcefulness, frequently relating in pressure related side effects, for example, a sleeping disorder and Indigestion, and conceivably Increasing the danger of coronary illness. The term Type A’ was created by Friedman Rosen man (1 959), by which stile, and extremely tense †summed up essentially as a â€Å"workaholic† character. Type A character was created utilizing organized meetings, notwithstanding, albeit dependable it was work serious and along these lines costly. Because of this it lead to the advancement of the Jenkins self report measure Nonsense et al. , 1974). There were at any rate four significant advancement investigations of character and cardiovascular vascular ailment PROVIDING CONFLICTING RESULTS. The soonest accomplishment for Type A character originated from the Western Collaborative Group Study (Roseanne et al. , 1975). This investigation followed 3, 154 at first sound men geed between 39 59 years. The example was lined up 8 h years after the fact with Type A men were found to have twice as much cardiovascular infection than Type B men. Type B characters are exceptionally laid back , patient, and take an extremely loosened up calm way to deal with life and their Job. This would recommend that Type A characters are more inclined to cardiovascular ailment than Type B characters. In any case, a later follow up study indicated increasingly negative or unequivocal outcomes. Following 22 years a similar gathering announced no impacts of Type A yet calm checked consequences for mortality from blood deletion, cholesterol , smoking and age (Raglans Brand, 1988), proposing there was more than Type A character legitimately expanding danger of coronary illness. So also, a partner study known as the Farmington study, started between 1965 1967 (Haynes et al. , 1978). This included 5,127 people being evaluated and seen the rate of cardiovascular malady as essentially higher in Type A than Type B. Nonetheless, in a subsequent report results were less obvious as it was discovered that Type A character was prescient of cardiovascular infection just in certain word related gatherings. Likewise, ladies with cardiovascular infection scored all the more exceptionally on Type A conduct and smothered greater threatening vibe, strain and tension than men. Adding to these clashing outcomes were the Honolulu Heart Program Study (Cohen Reid, 1985) and the British Regional Heart Study Monsoon et al 1987) which found no critical relationship between Type A character and cardiovascular sickness. These discoveries have attempted to be clarified through a meta-examination of the writing (Booth-Kelley Friedman, 1987) where discoveries were supposed to be because of the distinctions in the methods of evaluating conduct and the utilization of various result guarantee, in that a qualification should be made among unbiasedly and emotionally estimating these results. Albeit, an affiliation was made between Type A character and cardiovascular sickness, the opposing outcomes can mean various things and further examinations of pathways and systems is important to completely comprehend the affiliations. This recommends in spite of the fact that Type A may have a relationship to C. V. D. , it doesn't delineate a distinct result of sickness. Another aspect in research is that given by character scholars, where the segments of character are taken a gander at rather than the character all in all. Glass (1977) discovered three separate parts made up Type A character. These included endeavoring seriously for accomplishment, need to keep moving and significant levels of threatening vibe. Contrasted with the more loose, agreeable Type BBS; Type As were viewed as progressively worried about having control and having lower limit for seeing Hostility here is portrayed as the â€Å"toxic† part. In a meta-examination of 45 investigations (Chide Step, 2009) closed antagonistic vibe and outrage was related with an increase(20%) danger of C. H. D. Creating in initially solid individuals. Additionally, examination, for example, the Western Electric Study (1983) has reliably hill a connection among antagonistic vibe and C. H. D. Correspondingly, 12 longitudinal investigations inspected the job of antagonistic vibe on the occurrence of C. H. D. , 6 longitudinal examinations have analyzed the job of antagonistic vibe on C. H. D. Mortality and 2 longitudinal investigations inspected the job of threatening vibe n sub clinical C. V. D. The outcomes from these uncovered that outrage/antagonistic vibe was related with C. H. D. ND cause mortality, free of likely biologic and socio-segment confounder (Fink, 2009). Interestingly, the high scores found on the character characteristic of antagonistic vibe expected an easygoing connect to C. H. D. - in that the outlandish procedures related with threatening conduct are additionally connected with expanded C. V. D. (Square et al 2002). The proof gave here depicts that a person that is p rogressively threatening is increasingly inclined to C. H. D. Either legitimately or through results that people show, for example, smoking or drinking liquor as a result of the antagonistic conduct. This proof recommends that while type A character alone can't reliably foresee C. H. D. , its subcomponents, (for example, antagonistic vibe as examined above) are in truth progressively solid markers . Because of the conflicting discoveries on type A character and C. H. D. It thusly came about on an accentuation on singular contrasts. Exploration found that downturn, low degrees of social help, high antagonistic vibe and outrage being viewed as hazard factors in C. H. D. (Dickens et al. , 2007). It was finished up, mental hazard factors would in general bunch together in certain people and they were thusly bound to encounter heart issues when managing ceaseless pressure. Once more, a character type approach was created Personality Type D ( Denote, 2000), which comprised of consolidated conditions of uneasiness, negativity, despondency and outrage. Type D is likewise portrayed by significant levels of negative party (AN) and social restraint, with people particularly encountering A bound to encounter trouble, uneasiness, peevishness, cynicism and stress. It is the consolidated impacts of these negative feelings that characterize Type D (Cupper Denote, 2007). Nonetheless, it is this failure to adapt that may help clarify why a few people are progressively inclined to C. H. D. In spite of the fact that, it has as of late been accounted for that Type D is an autonomous indicator of expanded mortality among patients with coronary heart disease(Cupper Denote, 2007), practically zero exploration has researched how type d ND non type d singular adapt to pressure. Both negative emotionally and social hindrance include removing oneself from the anxieties utilizing shirking or withdrawal adapting procedures making the individual make less endeavors to connect legitimately with the issue. Likewise people with type D are anticipated to effectively lessen their endeavors to search out social help (Denote, 2000) which has been demonstrated to be hindering to wellbeing and prosperity. A cross-sectional investigation of 334 first year college understudies found a little yet critical arbitrator impact for Type D for he withdrawal side effect of burnout (Pullman et al, 2009). These discoveries likewise reflected different discoveries with people high in character attribute depressed people, which imparts similitudes to pessimistic emotionally (egg Denote, 2005). Subsequently, decreased levels in correlations with non-type d people. This incorporates evasion adapting procedures also, which thusly lead to higher feelings of anxiety impacting C. H. D. It is obvious from the proof given that a connection among character and wellbeing exists, in this way making a few people who have qualities, for example, antagonistic vibe or suggestion more inclined to ailment than others without these characteristics. In spite of the fact that it is favo

Definition and Examples of Visual Euphemisms

Definition and Examples of Visual Euphemisms Visual code word is the utilization of a satisfying or tame picture to speak to an article, idea, or experience that is viewed as undesirable, offensive, or distressingly unequivocal. In Forbidden Words: Taboo and the Censoring of Language (2006), Keith Allan and Kate Burridge call attention to that visual doublespeaks are typical; for example,â low-calorie plate of mixed greens dressing (sans usuallyâ oil) is introduced in shapely, slim waisted bottles. The shape, the astutely modified spelling and switched shading on a portion of the bundling conveys the message non-swelling boisterous and clear. Models and Observations Goodâ visual code words areâ to be found in ads worried about dentures something that nobody needs to see. An ad for one fixative just shows two lovely thin blue chambers fitting together flawlessly, as a voiceâ â praises the effectiveness and salubriousness of the product.(Toni-Lee Capossela, Language Matters. Harcourt Brace,â 1995) Visual Euphemisms in Everyday Life: Romance in the Toilet Bowl CleanerSociety has numerous examples of visual code words. Uncovered men wear toupees. Both genders wear contact focal points. Fig leaves shroud the privates of sculptures. Pubic hair was digitally embellished out of delicate pornography photos until the 1960s. The Society for Indecency to Naked Animals structured fighter shorts, pants, and slips to cover the sex organs of creatures during the 1960s (cf. Fryer 1963:19). Frilled pantalettes unobtrusively concealed the appendages (legs couldn't appropriately be referenced, particularly in America, see Read 1934:265) of the table and the pianoforte during the Victorian time. . . .Alluring bundling itself is a sort of code word: accentuation on appearance rather than the item stands out strikingly from the bygone era food merchant who showed things in mass. Lighting impacts that blush meat, the waxing of natural product, and the alluring bundling are corrective; and like verbal code word, they make a positive fantasy. Still photography, film, and TV are great media for misleading code words. . . . These media present a universe of idealized structures in which there is sentiment in the can bowl cleaner, verse in the sterile napkin, allurement in the tampon, and excellence in a glass of dentures.(Keith Allan and Kate Burridge, Euphemism and Dysphemism: Language Used as a Shield and Weapon. Oxford University Press, 1991) SharksAs waste cheerful and strange as it sounds, the film [Spring Break Shark Attack] isnt simply one more heap of tired old sea shore bunk. For a certain something, the frightening parts truly are unnerving, enough with the goal that little children ought to be sent to their roomswhere, probably, they can watch the less threatening amphibian tricks of SpongeBob SquarePants. . . .At the point when a halfway gobbled shark casualty cleans up inland, for instance, he truly resembles a mostly eaten shark casualty, not the scoured up visual code word of TV times passed by. Is this advancement? Wellkinda?(Tom Shales, Cue the Shark Music and Prepare to Be Scared. The Washington Post, March 19, 2005) Sexual EncountersVictorian books and pictures as often as possible element a lady enthroned on a gentlemans knee as a visual code word for sexual experience. Despite the fact that William Holman Hunts popular picture The Awakening Conscience (1854) demonstrated that the fallen lady recovered he r ethical conviction by indicating her in the demonstration of ascending from her darlings knee, numerous photos and stories praised the cheerful spouse, held by her significant other on his knee as both darling and child.(Judith Farr, The Passion of Emily Dickinson. Harvard University Press, 1992) Duplicity and SecrecyThere is no uncertainty that some doublespeak includes measurements of misleading and mystery. What's more, on account of the visual doublespeak the fantasy is compelling. Its in every case a lot harder to demonstrate distortion when a case is communicated non-verbally; as such, not in propositional language with real things and action words. The visual doublespeak can be significantly more sneaky.(Kate Burridge, Weeds in the Garden of Words: Further Observations on the Tangled History of the English Language. Cambridge University Press, 2005)

How to Avoid Bad Credit Loan Scams

How to Avoid Bad Credit Loan Scams How to Avoid Bad Credit Loan Scams How to Avoid Bad Credit Loan ScamsHaving bad credit means you’re going to have a tough time getting a good loan. Many banks won’t even let you in the doors. Well, they’ll probably let you into the doors, and they may even let you use their restroom, but they’re not going to give you a loan.Unless you have family who can help in the event of an emergency, you’ll have to turn to a bad credit loan. And that’s where many scammers come in. They know your options are limited and they’re shameless enough to take advantage of your desperation. That’s why you have to be always vigilant so you can get the best loan possible without getting ripped off.Make sure they want to see your credit history.Even if a lender is willing to loan to people with bad credit (or no credit) they should still be interested in seeing your credit score. It’s a bit suspicious if they aren’t at least curious about your past spending habits. As nationally recognized credit expert Jeanne Kelly (@cre ditscoop) told us: “Any company that says it doesn’t care about your credit history should be a warning sign. All credible lenders disclose that they will pull your credit report.”Be aware, however, that not all credit checks are created equal. There are both hard and soft credit checks. A hard credit check will show up on your credit report and can actually make your bad credit even worse. A soft credit check will not show up on your credit report.It’s a reassuring sign that a potential lender wants to perform a credit check, but you should try and find one who will perform a soft credit check, if at all possible.A credible bad credit lender should also look for other proof of your ability to pay back the loan, whether it’s checking your bank account or requiring proof of income. Since most lenders use a good credit score as an indication that you’re going to pay back the loan, it’s suspicious if they’re still willing to lend to a person with a bad credit score and no other indication that the loan will be paid back.Check those reviews.Like any restaurant, museum, or spa, you want to check multiple online review sites before choosing a lender. Certified financial educator Maggie Germano (@MaggieGermano) emphasized the importance of performing your due diligence: “If you are being approached by a lender, be wary. You’ll want to do research and make sure they’re legitimate. Google the company or person’s name and see what comes up. Be especially on the lookout for complaints or bad reviews.”Remember to check a wide range of reviews across Google, Facebook, the Better Business Bureau, and sites that specialize in lending reviews. Some scam lenders might try to fake reviews on one or two sites, but if their reviews are consistent across many different internet locations, there’s a better chance the perception reflects reality.Customer service is a must.A good lender shouldn’t be trying to hide anything from you. They should have a nu mber you can easily call to have all of your questions answered. If they aren’t willing to give you as much time as you need to feel comfortable, then they don’t deserve your business. And don’t settle for some robot, either. You should be able to talk to a person. The robots haven’t taken over yet!Any lender who tries to rush you into a decision should be treated with suspicion. If they’re really offering the best loan for your situation, they’d be willing to let you find out what your options are and be certain of your choice.Look out for their location.Different states have different lending laws, and you should familiarize yourself with them. Additionally, you should do some research and find out where the lender is located. If they’re located offshore or in First Nations territory, they may not be subject to the usual regulations, and you’re better off finding another lender.Look out for those fees!There are legitimate lenders who charge a fee to process your lo an, but no lender should be making you pay a fee before you’re approved. According to Sally Elizabeth of Peopleclaim.com (@Peopleclaim): “Scammers will come up with any number of creative excuses for why you need to send them money and more money for that ‘pre-approved loan-insurance, the first month’s payment, good-faith payments, getting rid of an unfavorable item on your credit report… you name it. Demands will escalate until you realize you’re being scammed and you’ve lost as much as $2,000.”A good lender will be willing to tell you EXACTLY how much you’ll have to pay in fees and interest once you’ve been approved, and won’t spring any surprise fees on you.It’s hard trying to find the best loan possible when you have bad credit, and predatory scam lenders (like payday lenders) don’t make it any better. But by keeping these tips in mind and maintaining the proper skepticism and caution, you’ll be able to get the ideal loan for your situation.Visit OppL oans on YouTube | Facebook | Twitter | LinkedINContributorsSally Elizabeth  works for online dispute resolution platform PeopleClaim.com, helping people who are normally shut out of the legal system because of time or money. Weeding scams out from common consumer complaints has taught her way more about scammers than she ever wanted to know.Maggie Germano  is a Certified Financial Education Instructor and financial coach for women. Her mission is to give women the support and tools that they need to take control of their money, break the taboo of discussing debt and income, and achieve their goals and dreams. She does this through one-on-one financial coaching, monthly Money Circle gatherings, her weekly Money Monday newsletter, and speaking engagements. To learn more, or to schedule a free discovery call, visit  MaggieGermano.com.Jeanne Kelly  is an author, speaker, and coach who educates people achieve a higher credit score and  understand credit reporting. #HealthyCredit is her m otto.  As the founder of The Kelly Group in 2000 and the author of The 90-Day Credit Challenge, Jeanne Kelly is a nationally recognized authority on credit consulting and credit score improvement.

Effective leadership Free Essay Example, 2250 words

Classical management theories, such as scientific management, bureaucratic management, and/or administrative management do not focus on the degree and extent to which visionary leadership can and should be an outgrowth of effective management. Rather, these theoretical approaches are contingent upon the way in which a stratified and rather rigid approach to management delineates success and measurable metrics within the business world Whereas there is some truth to each of the classical management theories that have thus far been discussed, it has broadly been understood, within the past several decades, that glaring inconsistencies and the fact that cooperation between the stakeholders involved is not placed on a premium is perhaps the greatest shortcoming for these classical theoretical models that prompted a focus upon human resource management theories. As such, the ability to recognize and focus on the goals and expectancies of interpersonal relations helps to underscore the ul timate weakness of the classical approach which has previously been denoted. However, just as the classical management theories reflected shortcomings and were ultimately unable to recognize the importance of human behavior and interaction, the human resource management theories, proposed by such individuals as Maslow, Herzberg, and McGregor, oversimplified management and involving workers and largely ignoring the external factors that may very well exist. We will write a custom essay sample on Effective leadership or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

Police Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement Essay

Police Brutality â€Å"Officer Jeronimo Yanez, charged with second-degree manslaughter in the shooting death of Philando Castile, a 32-year-old black Minneapolis man† (Capecchi). â€Å"Brian Encinia, former Texas trooper charged with misdemeanor perjury stemming from his arrest of Sandra Bland, a black woman who was later found dead in a county jail† (Almasy). â€Å"Sgt. Kizzy Adonis, charged with failure to supervise in connection with the 2014 death of Eric Garner, a 43-year-old black Staten Island man who died after police to administered a controversial choke hold† (Eversley). These are a few examples of the mistreatment suffered by young black citizens at the hands of police officers that resulted in the death of a suspect. Throughout the nation, the mishandling of the authority given to police officers has increased and is not merely coincidentally occurring. Eerily reminiscent to the images from the civil rights movement, the preceding actions that became highly publicized thanks to the media often go unnoticed by society. Although some changes have been made when it comes to the treatment of blacks since that era, somehow we have been taken back. Ironically, â€Å"Cops killed nearly twice as many whites as blacks in 2015, 50 percent of the victims of fatal police shootings were white, while 26 percent were black. The majority of these victims had a gun or, were armed or threatening the officer with potentially lethal force.† â€Å"Alternatively, some believe that these statistics areShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1333 Words   |  6 PagesPolice brutality goes back many decades and actually happens a lot less the it did in the 60’s it is just seems like it occurs more due to the development of social media today. During the Civil Rights Movement that began in 1963 African Americans mostly in the South took the majority of these police brutalities. For example In the 60’s blacks were beaten with batons and cattle prods as they attempted to vote at a court house that was in Selma, Alabama. The subjects that received the beatings wereRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Ri ghts Movement985 Words   |  4 Pagessituations between citizens and police officers. Dating back to the 1960s during the civil rights movement, to recent events in the news that demonstrates police brutality. But does this mean that police officers aren’t doing their jobs. Could the media and social networks influence our views of the police? In my opinion it does. Police brutality has circulated media headlines for decades now. Citizens rage through the country, becoming more angry due to the outcome of police officers that use excessiveRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1738 Words   |  7 PagesWhile combating police brutality everyday, what really does matter? Despite, the increased attention and actions to remedy police brutality, police brutality is still a prevalent issue in today’s American society. It has sent critics on both sides of the issue into their corners, as no one really seems to have the answer. Maybe, the reason why police b rutality has been so troublesome to alter is because the people trying to alter it are only targeting only the symptoms instead of the infection itselfRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1522 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is defined as â€Å"excessive and/or unnecessary force by police when dealing with civilians,† and this has become more prominent within the United States throughout the years (Danilina). There has many cases where police brutality has been seen via news channels, and it has dismantled the unity of trust between the civilians of the United States and the law enforcement who are supposed to protect the everyday people from harm. The issue is if the law enforcement is actually right withinRead MorePolice Brutality And The Civil Rights Movement1400 Words   |  6 PagesOver the past 10 decades or more the United States has displayed a lot of police brutality and also racial profiling that leads to police brutality to American citize ns. A police officer job are to serve and protect and enforce the law but in a lot cases from proven evidence it’s seems they shoot first and ask questions later. Americans are starting to feel that the police are scared of the citizens more than people are scared of them. Not every single cop in the world is bad or mean harm to peopleRead MorePolice Brutality Of African Americans1405 Words   |  6 PagesIn recent years police brutality towards African Americans has increased. This violence has resulted in riots across the United States. The August 2014 death of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri many Americans, some who are former Civil Rights activists, have spoken out against police brutality. Black Lives Matter states that the movement’s goal is to bring justice to the present unjust police killings of African Americans. Looking at prior cases of brutality and its connection to racial profilingRead MorePolice brutality1678 Words   |  7 Pages Police Brutality, Have Times Really Changed The history of Police Brutality for minorities; especially people of color has left America wondering have times changed. Police brutality has deemed the opportunity for socioeconomic advancement or access to good and services for many Black/African Americans dating back as far as 1955. The system of Police brutality has affected many realms of society for minorities’ employment and family life. After some scholarly research, police brutality isRead MorePolice Brutality Is An Extremely Serious Offence885 Words   |  4 Pagesthe police for help,Considering their job is to protect you at all times. But, who Do you call when it s a police officer abusing his authority? Who do you call when the peacemakers are disturbing your peace and just adding to the crime rates in America? Police brutality is a crime very much present in today s society just as it was present during the civil rights movements of the 1960’s and years after that . It is a very big issue in our highly p opulated cities in america. Police brutality isRead MorePolice Influence on Society822 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Police Influence on Society Police Influence on Society 1 The relationship between police and minority societies has always been a difficult one with many issues. Before the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960’s African Americans were treated brutally by the police in the United States. African Americans along with other minority groups were often abused by police. Minorities were viewed to have no rights and this treatment was commonplace. This brutal treatmentRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Police Brutality By Jill Nelson1358 Words   |  6 Pagesnot had power to determine their own destiny† which is movement that formed for self defense against the U.S government. The Black Power Movement established itself in the 1950’s branching off of the nonviolent groups established during the Civil Rights Movement. Two major Black Power groups in history were Malcolm X and Black Panther Party that focused on justice for the black communities. These groups primarily fought against police brutality in their communities. At this time the United States that

Psychology - Life With (or Without) Father Essay - 1473 Words

What was the purpose of this study? This study had three purposes. The first purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of fathers’ antisocial behaviors have on their children while differentiating between those fathers who have very antisocial behavior with those that have very little. The second purpose was the find out if the effects of a father’s being in his child’s life was the same in every family. The third purpose in this study was to find out whether the children of antisocial fathers were going to develop behavioral problems from both genetic and environmental risks. What hypothesis or hypotheses did the authors test in this study? The author’s felt the father’s antisocial behavior would affect the results in†¦show more content†¦In a study done called Fragile Families Study came up with the findings that unwed fathers were more likely to use illegal drugs, to partake in domestic abuse and experience depression. It is these activities, that the father may partake in, that is considered as antisocial. The Environmental Risk Longitudinal Study provided information that enabled questions to be answered in this current study by the variety of antisocial behaviors and the usage of monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Who were the participants in the study? The participants in this study were two birth cohorts (1994 amp;1995) of same-sex twins and their parents from Wales and England. 56% were monozygotic and 44% were dizygotic twin pairs. The participants were members of the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study to study how genetic and environmental factor’s can shape a child’s development and specifically how a father’s role in his child’s life, (whether living with or away from the child and whether he is very antisocial or just a little) can affect the child’s own behavior and conduct. Out of 15,906 pairs of twins born, 71% joined the study. The children were all around the age of five as data was collected within 120 days of the twin’s fifth birthday. Several of the 1,210 families that were used in this study had to be excluded out of the findings due to them moving or them not being able to speak English. What did the participants do? About 2 researchers went to twoShow MoreRelatedA Brief Look at Anna Freud1346 Words   |  5 Pagescan also be said about non creative minds. If a person gets everything given to them such as a rich person, they don’t have to work towards a goal and do not have to come up with any new ways to do anything. Anna Freud accomplished a lot through her life time from her childhood until her death and even after. Anna Freud was the daughter of Sigmund and Martha Freud of Vienna. She was the youngest of six children. She was born December 3, 1895. She went to school at the private school, Cottage LucreumRead MoreAnna Freud1216 Words   |  5 Pagesthe field of psychology between the years 1850 and 1950 is not an easy task as there is more than one woman who made significant contributions to the field of Psychology. Out of those talented women Anna Freud, overshadows her colleagues. Anna can be considered to have a fascinating background, which influenced her later development of unique theoretical perspectives. Her father, Sigmund Freud famous for his multiple theories about the mind he is regarded as the founder of psychology probably influencedRead MoreFeminist Theory Of Neurotic Need, And Neo Freudian Psychology894 Words   |  4 Pagesher findings of feminine psychology, theory of neurotic need, and neo-freudian psychology. What attracted me most to Karen Horney was the relation I share d with her suffering from depression growing up. It was her findings about life and her outlook of recovering from depression that attracted her to me. She discusses the importance of everyone’s role in their own life on their mental health. Therefore, I appreciate her studies as I have been able to apply them to my own life. Recovering from depressionRead MoreAnna Freuds Role in the History of Psychology1527 Words   |  7 PagesFreud, born in 1895, was the daughter of Sigmund Freud, the well-known founder of psychology and the psychoanalytic theory. Anna Freud’s work with her father and his friends and associates as well as her own personal studies, curiosities, and analyses lead her to cofound psychoanalytic child psychology. An appealing woman who did not have much of a formal education, Anna Freud, had an extensive background in psychology, an interesting theoretical perspective, and many contributions to the field. Read MoreMaslow s Motivation And Personality1 604 Words   |  7 Pageswas the first of seven children born to Russian - Jewish immigrants. While Maslow’s father was uneducated, he pushed his son academically and encouraged him to become a lawyer. Maslow began his extensive education at City College of New York but later told his father that he did not want to study law. In 1928, after marrying his wife Berta, he transferred to the University of Wisconsin to st udy psychology under the guidance of Harry Harlow. Two years later he obtained his Bachelor’s degreeRead MoreI Am Sam Analysis1508 Words   |  7 Pagesshown a huge importance in the filmed of a real life situation to the viewers. In which a man named Sam Dawson a loving, caring mentally challenged father that takes care of his daughter Lucy. The movie shows a more real-life situation that was when Lucy turns 7 she passes her intellectual further than her father, and their bond that they have is being taken away from social service. Also, as for how well Sam could stand up for what he believed as a father with many obstacles and struggles despised ofRead MoreA Russian American Psychologist, Urie Brofenbrenner1721 Words   |  7 Pages until moving in Letchworth Village in New York where his father work as a research director and clinical physiologist at the New York State Institution for the mentally retarded. For education, he attended high school and Haverstraw, New York; after graduation he pursued a double major in psychology and music at Cornell U niversity, a master’s degree in education from Harvard University in 1940, and a doctorate in developmental psychology from the University of Michigan. He, then, servedRead MoreEffects Of Maternal Separation On Children s Development1397 Words   |  6 PagesThe bond that a child and their parents or caregivers form plays a vital role in the child’s life. Studies were performed by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth to observe the effects that maternal separation had on the child’s development. The hypothesis they formed based off their observations became known as the attachment theory. The attachment theory came about on the core principle that â€Å"children brought up with consistent, loving parents or significant, reliable caregivers can develop a foundationRead MoreJohn Broadus Watson : An Experimental Study On The Psychical Development Of The White Rat1622 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Broadus Watson, the father of Behaviorism, was born in South Carolina on January 9, 1878 to Emma and Pickens Watson. John grew up in a mixed up household, his father was a known drinker while his mother was a devout Christia n. Although he took after his father and got himself into some trouble growing up, he managed to gain admission to Furman College at age sixteen. Upon graduation from Furman, one of John’s professors turned mentor Gordon Moore helped him make the next step, and the followingRead MoreHistory of Modern Psychology: Anna Freud 1346 Words   |  6 Pagesvisionaries dominated in the philosophical contributions to the psychology as a formal discipline; however, many prominent women pioneered major roles in psychology history between 1850 and 1950 (Goodwin, 2005). Freud Sigmund was not only among the Freudian to build credibility in psychology field, this is because Anna Freud-her youngest daughter took career in psychology and made important contributions in the history of psychology. The paper will discuss the background of Anna, her theoretical

Importance of Luxury Value Perceptions - Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Importance of Luxury Value Perceptions. Answer: Introduction: In determining the cultural aspects including the national cultural differences, two most effective theories are the Hofstedes cultural dimensions and Trompenaars model of national culture differences. The first aspect of Hofstedes cultural dimensions is power distance index (Taras, Steel and Kirkman, 2012). It refers to the inequality in the society and the extent to which, people accepts the inequality in the society. The more power index for a country refers to the more centralization of the organizations and having huge gaps among the organizational hierarchical structure and vice versa (Martin et al., 2012). The next element in this model is the individualism versus collectivism. This refers to the extent to which people are interpersonally connected with each other and vice versa. Masculinity versus femininity is another aspect of this model. This refers to the distribution of the roles being played by males and females in the society. The next aspect is the uncertainty avoidance index. This factor refers to control of the people in controlling their own lives. Countries having high rate of uncertainty avoidance index will lead their life in a more predictable way and vice versa (Shah, 2012). On the other hand, pragmatic versus normative aspect refers to the extent to which, people is inclined towards nationalism and regions. One of the main advantages of this model is comparison of the national culture with respect to the organizational culture. This will be helpful and beneficial for the multinational companies. On the other hand, one of the prime limitations of this model is the less concentration towards globalization (Hitt, Ireland Hoskisson, 2012). Hofstedes model is being stated without considering the factor of globalization. The major part of this model is concerned with the specific cultural differences in different countries, which is irrelevant in the present era of globalization. On the other hand, Trompenaars model of cultural differences also covers the different dimensions of the manner at which, people deal with one another. If this model is being compared with the Hofstedes model, then Trompenaars model involves broader survey of responses due to the large scale survey covering 8841 managers and employees from more than 40 countries. Thus, the conclusion of this model is more practical compared to the Hofstedes model (Shukla Purani, 2012). One of the key advantages of this model is the problem solving approach compared to the Hofstedes model. This model is being stated in more practical ways compared to other models. However, on the other hand, the key limitations of this model are the use of theoretical concepts rather than any statistical means. Thus, the use of theoretical concepts will hamper the probability of aligning it with the practical situations. For the contemporary business organizations, managing the employees effectively is much important due to the fact that, motivational level of the employees is important in gaining competitive advantages by the business organizations. This is due to the fact that, the more motivated will be the employees, the more they will get involved in their workplace (Anitha, 2014). Eventually, engaged and involved employees will have more productivity and effectiveness in the organization. According to the theory of motivation being stated by Maslow, fulfillment of the basic need of the employees will help the organization to enhance the level of motivation in the organization. Managing the level of motivation of the employees is also important due to the fact that in the multinational organizations, employees belong from diversified social backgrounds (Dobre, 2013). Thus, enhanced level of motivation among the employees will help the organization to reduce the chance of having issues related to diversity. Another important management practice for the business organizations is leadership. Effective leadership is important in the organizations in order to lead and mange the internal stakeholders effectively. In addition, effective leadership also determines effective organizing and planning the organizational policies and strategies. One of the prominent theories of leaderships is the transformational leadership. According to this theory, effective leadership will help in building positive relationship with the employees (Hanson, 2013). Moreover, transformational leadership will act as leader rather than just be the manager. However, in case of cultural differences in the organization, leadership role should be played in such a way that, all the employees belonging from different cultural background will be equally represented in the organization. Moreover, in the case of diversified workforce, leaders have to consider all the diversified considerations of different employees, which may have adverse implications on the effectiveness of the leadership (Agrawal, 2012). Another effective management practice is the team working. For the contemporary business organizations, majority of the jobs are being done in teams. In addition, most of the multinationals are having diversified workforce and it is important for them to effectively manage the teamwork. This is due to the reason that, in any particular team, all the team members will be from different cultural and social backgrounds and thus, it is important to effectively manage the differences in the workforce. According to the theory of teamwork being stated by Tuckman, there are some steps such as forming, storming, norming and performing should be initiated by the organizations in order to effectively manage the issues in the teamwork. However, in the case of cultural diversity in the teamwork, the theory of Tuckman will be more beneficial due to the fact that, storming and aligning the team members with that of the organizational objectives is important. Conflict is one of the most probable and emerging issue in the contemporary business organizations. This is due to the reason that, as discussed earlier, contemporary business organizations are having diversified workforce and thus there is more probability of emergence of differences and conflict in the organization. With the difference in the culture and social background of the employees, all the employees will have different opinions and approaches towards a certain issue. This will lead to the origination of the conflict among the internal stakeholders. Thus, for the contemporary business organizations, effective resolution of the conflict is important. The key issue that is being faced by the contemporary business organization is the ethical issues. This is due to the reason that, the current business scenario is much more competitive in nature and thus various organizations indulge in unethical business practices in order to gain competitive advantages in the market. However, these practices lead to negative implications in the future for the organizations. Thus, it is important for the business organizations to effectively manage the origination of the ethical issues. Moreover, in the case of different culture in the organization, ethics should also be maintained in marinating the cultural diversity. This is due to the reason that, involvement of unethical practices including inequality among the employees will have adverse implications on the workforce. If the employees from a particular community will be given more attention, then the other employees will get de-motivated and will cause issues in the organization. As given in the case study, Jo Barnes is an Australian national and Monsieur Hulot is a French national. Thus, their approaches towards any particular issue will be different and moreover their process and methodology of initiating of management principles will also be different. One of the key differences between them will be the power distance. Australia is having more power distance compared to the France with having 36 compared to 68 of France. Thus, hierarchical structure and power distance is maintained more in France than in Australia (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). Thus, the management approach of Hublot will be more autocratic and directive compared to the shared and participative leadership style of Barnes. On the other hand, according to Hofstedes cultural dimensions, individualism is more in Australia compared to France. Individualism refers to the extent of the influence of society on the individuals. Thus, in this dimension, social influence is more in A ustralia compared to France. Thus, the management approach of Barnes will be more organization centric. He will only bother about the welfare of his particular organization. On the other hand, Hublot will be more universal oriented and will look for global approach equally for all the units around the world. Masculinity is another key element for Hofstedes cultural dimensions. It refers to the degree to which, the society is being driven by competition and success or it is being driven by caring and quality of life. In this dimension, Australia fared well compared to France and thus, the management approach of Barnes will be performance driven and his key motive will be to enhance the productivity of the employees (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). On the other hand, management approaches of Hublot will more social driven and employee oriented. He will be more concentrated towards the employee welfare and their work life balance. In case of the uncertainty avoidance, France scored more than that of Australia. Thus, France is more concentrated to having formal structure and the management approach of Hublot will be concentrated in having proper organizational structure and maintaining formalities. On the other hand, the approach of Barnes will be to enhance the generation of innovative ideas in the organization along with motivating the internal stakeholders in having out of box thinking. The next aspect of this model is long term orientation. In this dimension, the score of France is higher compared to Australia. Thus, the management approach of Barnes will be more oriented to customs and tradition of the society and the management decisions will also be influenced by then social traditions. On the other hand, the approach of Hublot will be less influenced to religion and traditions and the managerial decisions will be easily adaptable to the tradition. The last aspect is indulgence (Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights, 2017). In this dimension, the score of Australia is more than France. Thus, the approach of Barnes will be society oriented (Vaiman, Scullion Collings, 2012). He will more concentrate to the providence of relaxation of the employees. On the other hand, the approach of Hublot will be less relaxation for the employees. For the globalized business environment, organizations have to initiate change management in order to get accustomed with the rapid change in the business scenario. Two of the most effective model of change management is the Lewin model and Kotter model. Lewin model states three steps of initiation of change in the organization and Kotter model states eight steps in initiation of change (Shirey, 2013). However, one of the key limitations of lewin model is the lack of practicality. The steps being stated in this model is more rational than being practical. On the other hand, the key disadvantage for the Kotter model is the one way approach. The steps being stated here is having top down approach. Thus, the upper level management will have more responsibility and there is less chance for the subordinates to communicate their opinions. However, one of the key advantages of Kotter model over the Lewin model is the practical implementation (Appelbaum et al., 2012). It is easier to practic ally implement this model compared to the Lewin model. Multinational organizations such as Port Phillip Pharmaceuticals will have various factors to consider. In the given case study, it is being given that, the organizational issues being faced by Jo Barnes in Philippines and France is different. One of the differences being identified is the language issue (Louhiala-Salminen Kankaanranta, 2012). Barnes have faced language barrier in communicating with the French employees due to the reason that, they are not comfortable in English. Moreover, her sudden entrances in the French unit will also being unwelcomed by her French counterparts. Thus, in order to overcome these issues, she opted for the participative style of leadership by engaging with the employees (Cole et al., 2012). According to her, the first job is to convince the employees about her motive and reduce the negativity from them. Thus, she acknowledged the contribution of the employees, which made them feel involved in the organization. This also eased the path of communicat ion channel between them and her. Thus, with having more effective and extensive communication, the differences get solved and the objectives of her get accomplished. Political dimension The first dimension of globalization is political scenario. For the global scenario, organizations have to adhere with the diversified political scenario in different countries (Ravenhill, 2017). This is due to the reason that different countries will have different laws regarding the employees and business and thus, for the global organizations, it is important for them to get adhere to all of them. Economic dimension The next dimension is the economic dimension. This refers to the global economy. However, for the global organizations, it is important to adhere with the currency and economic fluctuations among different countries. Moreover issues such as global economic crisis will also have to be adjusted (Castells, Caraca Cardoso, 2012). This is due to the fact that, due to globalization, all the countries are inter-depended and thus economic crisis will have holistic implications. Social dimension The social structure around the world is diverse due to the presence of different societies and cultures. With the difference in language, it is difficult for the organizations to consider all the social differences (Van Dijck, 2013). Moreover, due to globalization, organizations are having diversified workforce and it is important for the global organizations to adhere to the international laws related to workforce diversity. Technological dimension The present business scenario is technology driven and thus it is important for the business organizations to adopt the latest technology in order to gain competitiveness in the market. Moreover, with the help of globalization, developing and under developed countries are also having the access of latest technologies of developed countries (Gourinchas Jeanne, 2013). Thus, it is a huge opportunities for the organizations to offer the latest technologies to the customers around the world. In the present era of globalization, one of the key sources of attracting investments for the governments is the foreign direct investments. This is the concept of foreign companies investing in other host countries to set up their manufacturing and operational unit in order to cater to the market in the host countries (Blonigen Piger, 2014). This helps the host country governments in enhancing the level of foreign reserve and increasing the opportunities for employment. Thus, the more will be the rate of foreign direct investment in the country, the more will be the employment opportunities. International labor organization is the umbrella organization for the all the employee related activities around the world. Various conventions such as minimum wage and forced labor are being initiated by them. Thus, in determining the employment policy, it is important to effectively adhere with the amendments of international labor organizations. Moreover, with the change in time, various new issues are being emerging and accordingly ILO is amending their regulations. Thus, employment policy should always adhere with these regulations. World Trade Organization is one of the leading bodies of initiating the free trade policy among its member states. Settlement of disputes among the member countries regarding the trade rules and regulations is also being managed by them. Their regulations have implications on the employment policy due to the reason that, with the change in the regulations of World Trade Organization, the trade scenario between the particular countries will fluctuate. Another international institution that is important for the employment policy is the International Monetary Fund. The key motive of this organization is to initiate high rate of employment and promote economic growth. Thus, the more effective will be the regulations of IMF, the more will be the positive impact on the employment policy. This is due to the reason that, effective implementation of the elements of IMF will help to enhance the employment opportunities and vice versa. Reference Agrawal, V. (2012). Managing the diversified team: challenges and strategies for improving performance.Team Performance Management: An International Journal,18(7/8), 384-400. Anitha, J. (2014). Determinants of employee engagement and their impact on employee performance.International journal of productivity and performance management. Appelbaum, S. H., Habashy, S., Malo, J. L., Shafiq, H. (2012). Back to the future: revisiting Kotter's 1996 change model.Journal of Management Development,31(8), 764-782. Blonigen, B. A., Piger, J. (2014). Determinants of foreign direct investment.Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'conomique,47(3), 775-812. Castells, M., Caraa, J., Cardoso, G. (Eds.). (2012).Aftermath: The cultures of the economic crisis. Oxford University Press. Cole, M. S., Walter, F., Bedeian, A. G., OBoyle, E. H. (2012). Job burnout and employee engagement: A meta-analytic examination of construct proliferation.Journal of management,38(5), 1550-1581. Country Comparison - Hofstede Insights. (2017).Hofstede Insights. Retrieved 25 October 2017, from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/country-comparison/australia,france/ Dobre, O. I. (2013). Employee motivation and organizational performance.Review of Applied Socio-Economic Research,5(1), 53-60. Gourinchas, P. O., Jeanne, O. (2013). Capital flows to developing countries: The allocation puzzle.Review of Economic Studies,80(4), 1484-1515. Hanson, B. (2013). The leadership development interface: Aligning leaders and organizations toward more effective leadership learning.Advances in Developing Human Resources,15(1), 106-120. Hitt, M. A., Ireland, R. D., Hoskisson, R. E. (2012).Strategic management cases: competitiveness and globalization. Cengage Learning. Louhiala-Salminen, L., Kankaanranta, A. (2012). Language as an issue in international internal communication: English or local language? If English, what English?.Public Relations Review,38(2), 262-269. Martin, R., Muls, M., de Preux, L. B., Wagner, U. J. (2012). Anatomy of a paradox: Management practices, organizational structure and energy efficiency.Journal of Environmental Economics and Management,63(2), 208-223. Ravenhill, J. (Ed.). (2017).Global political economy. Oxford University Press. Shah, A. (2012). Uncertainty avoidance index and its cultural/country implications relating to consumer behavior.Journal of International Business Research,11(1), 119. Shirey, M. R. (2013). Lewins theory of planned change as a strategic resource.Journal of Nursing Administration,43(2), 69-72. Shukla, P., Purani, K. (2012). Comparing the importance of luxury value perceptions in cross-national contexts.Journal of Business Research,65(10), 1417-1424. Taras, V., Steel, P., Kirkman, B. L. (2012). Improving national cultural indices using a longitudinal meta-analysis of Hofstede's dimensions.Journal of World Business,47(3), 329-341. Vaiman, V., Scullion, H., Collings, D. (2012). Talent management decision making.Management Decision,50(5), 925-941. Van Dijck, J. (2013).The culture of connectivity: A critical history of social media. Oxford University Press.

Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essay Example

Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essay Many companies hire product placement firms to gain consumer recognition without the traditional sales tactics. Product placement is a form of advertising and promotion in which products are placed in television shows and or movies to gain exposure. In recent years this form of advertising has grown 46. 4 percent from 2003 to 2004 and grew another 22. 7 percent in 2005. It is now a $4. 5 billion industry (Belch Belch 2009). Strayer University is a college formerly known as Strayer college of Baltimore whose headquarters is in Arlington Virginia. The for-profit university currently has 88 locations and is assessable online internationally. In an attempt to further Strayer’s reach three media options are recommended: Content Sponsorship, Advetiainment and Ad-Supported Video on Demand. Utilizing these strategies will help Strayer develop a cohesive and appealing integrated marketing campaign. These strategies are called branded entertainment, which is a form of advertisement that blends marketing and entertainment through television, film, music, talent and technology. The first branded entertainment strategy that is recommended is Advertainment. Advertainment is the creation of video and/or music content by an advertiser in an attempt to entertain views while advertising their products. For example, a company may plan an outdoor concert for the sole purpose of advertising their brand. Strayer could benefit from this by planning a short series of commercials interviewing famous people or people with extraordinary stories that have graduated from a non traditional college and have become extremely successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second branded entertainment strategy is content sponsorship. Content sponsorship is when an advertiser rather than developing their own content; some advertisers agree to sponsor specific programs, receiving product placement, integration and promotions in return. For example, MTV decides to have the MTV awards and they look for companies who wish to donate money to the events cost in return for advertisement opportunities during the scheduled event. Strayer University can benefit from this strategy by sponsoring a new movie that is coming on television for the first time. The type of movie that they should sponsor should be one that targets their specific consumer: career professionals, parents, and non traditional students. Lastly, the Ad-Supported Video on Demand branded entertainment strategy. Ad-Supported Video on Demand is specialized content programs offered through cable TV networks that are developed by advertisers and provided to the cable operators for free (Belch Belch 2009). Strayer University could benefit from this type of advertisement by producing a short presentation on the success stories of Strayer University. After considering the branded entertainment strategies, media planning is of paramount importance. Media planning is a series of decisions involved in the delivery of an advertising message to prospective purchasers and or users of a product or services. The media plan determines the best way to get the advertisers message to the market (Belch Belch 2009). In other words, we will use branded entertainment techniques however, what are the best ways to do so? Would sponsoring a music video award show be better than sponsoring an outdoor concert? Decisions such as these are critical to creating a successful integrated marketing campaign. Situation Analysis Strayer currently has 88 campus locations and is assessable on the World Wide Web. Strayer currently has 45, 491 students enrolled ( Strayer University). Strayer’s current competitors are other online universities such as Devry, Capella, Waldern and Phoenix. In addition to the online universities Strayer also competes with public and private universities. However, at this time Strayer targets the nontraditional student by the tagline â€Å"we fit your life†. Media Plan The recommended media plan begins with the goal of making Strayer known as the non traditional school for non traditional people who are ready to excel. First, the university would use ad a job fair from noon until the eight in the evening at a hotel. In order creating a job fair and them sponsor a Movie on television. In addition, Strayer should produce a 30 minute movie to be watched on video on demand about strayer success stories. During each of the previous advertiaiment and sponsorship strayer should advertise for its on demand movie. The range on the TV advertianment and sponsorship is vast. If the sponoship is done at the right time, on lifetime the commercials can be expected to reach 3. 9 milliion viewers. The premiere of Jennifer Love Hewitts original movie on Monday night about a housewife turned prostitute hooked Lifetime the second-largest telefilm delivery of 2010 reaching 3. 9 million viewers on July 19, according to Nielsen data. Included in that total were 2. 09 million adults 25 to 54, 1. 88 million persons 18 to 49, 1. 36 million females 18 to 49 and 1. million women 25 to 54 ( internet source). In addition, Rentrak stated that, VOD viewers spent more than 3. 1 billion hours watching on-demand content last year. In an average month, 45% of enabled set-top boxes are accessing VOD. Active users of VOD are ordering an average of 16. 4 free programs per month, 8. 7 subscription programs and 2. 0 movies-on-demand. Viewers placed 5. 1 billion FOD orders and spent nearly 1. 6 billion hours watching FOD cont ent. Subscription VOD content generated 1. 6 billion transactions and more than 1. 1 billion hours of playtime. Transactional VOD content generated over 208 million orders, totaling over $963 million in gross revenues. Frequency The frequency is the number of times a person must be exposed to an advertising message before a response is made and before exposure is considered wasteful. Thomas Smith wrote a guide called Successful Advertising in 1885 that is still being used today which states found the following: The first time people look at any given ad, they dont even see it. The second time, they dont notice it. The third time, they are aware that it is there. The fourth time, they have a fleeting sense that theyve seen it somewhere before. The fifth time, they actually read the ad. The sixth time they thumb their nose at it. The seventh time, they start to get a little irritated with it. The eighth time, they start to think, Heres that confounded ad again. The ninth time, they start to wonder if theyre missing out on something. The tenth time, they ask their friends and neighbors if theyve tried it. The eleventh time, they wonder how the company is paying for all these ads. The twelfth time, they start to think that it must be a good product. The thirteenth time, they start to feel the product has value. The fourteenth time, they start to remember wanting a product exactly like this for a long time. The fifteenth time, they start to yearn for it because they cant afford to buy it. The sixteenth time, they accept the fact that they will buy it sometime in the future. The seventeenth time, they make a note to buy the product. The eighteenth time, they curse their poverty for not allowing them to buy this terrific product. The nineteenth time, they count their money very carefully. The twentieth time prospects see the ad, they buy what is offering. Based on this philosophy, our frequency number will be 20. During the Advertainment, we will make sure that we expose our attendees to the Job Fair advertisement at least 20 times before the date. During the sponsoring of our movie we will make sure that we involve our advertisement 20 times and have our video on demand advertisement make reference to strayer 20 times. Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essay Example Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media Essay Many companies hire product placement firms to gain consumer recognition without the traditional sales tactics. Product placement is a form of advertising and promotion in which products are placed in television shows and or movies to gain exposure. In recent years this form of advertising has grown 46. 4 percent from 2003 to 2004 and grew another 22. 7 percent in 2005. It is now a $4. 5 billion industry (Belch Belch 2009). Strayer University is a college formerly known as Strayer college of Baltimore whose headquarters is in Arlington Virginia. The for-profit university currently has 88 locations and is assessable online internationally. In an attempt to further Strayer’s reach three media options are recommended: Content Sponsorship, Advetiainment and Ad-Supported Video on Demand. Utilizing these strategies will help Strayer develop a cohesive and appealing integrated marketing campaign. These strategies are called branded entertainment, which is a form of advertisement that blends marketing and entertainment through television, film, music, talent and technology. The first branded entertainment strategy that is recommended is Advertainment. Advertainment is the creation of video and/or music content by an advertiser in an attempt to entertain views while advertising their products. For example, a company may plan an outdoor concert for the sole purpose of advertising their brand. Strayer could benefit from this by planning a short series of commercials interviewing famous people or people with extraordinary stories that have graduated from a non traditional college and have become extremely successful. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment # 3. Evaluation of Media specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The second branded entertainment strategy is content sponsorship. Content sponsorship is when an advertiser rather than developing their own content; some advertisers agree to sponsor specific programs, receiving product placement, integration and promotions in return. For example, MTV decides to have the MTV awards and they look for companies who wish to donate money to the events cost in return for advertisement opportunities during the scheduled event. Strayer University can benefit from this strategy by sponsoring a new movie that is coming on television for the first time. The type of movie that they should sponsor should be one that targets their specific consumer: career professionals, parents, and non traditional students. Lastly, the Ad-Supported Video on Demand branded entertainment strategy. Ad-Supported Video on Demand is specialized content programs offered through cable TV networks that are developed by advertisers and provided to the cable operators for free (Belch Belch 2009). Strayer University could benefit from this type of advertisement by producing a short presentation on the success stories of Strayer University. After considering the branded entertainment strategies, media planning is of paramount importance. Media planning is a series of decisions involved in the delivery of an advertising message to prospective purchasers and or users of a product or services. The media plan determines the best way to get the advertisers message to the market (Belch Belch 2009). In other words, we will use branded entertainment techniques however, what are the best ways to do so? Would sponsoring a music video award show be better than sponsoring an outdoor concert? Decisions such as these are critical to creating a successful integrated marketing campaign. Situation Analysis Strayer currently has 88 campus locations and is assessable on the World Wide Web. Strayer currently has 45, 491 students enrolled ( Strayer University). Strayer’s current competitors are other online universities such as Devry, Capella, Waldern and Phoenix. In addition to the online universities Strayer also competes with public and private universities. However, at this time Strayer targets the nontraditional student by the tagline â€Å"we fit your life†. Media Plan The recommended media plan begins with the goal of making Strayer known as the non traditional school for non traditional people who are ready to excel. First, the university would use ad a job fair from noon until the eight in the evening at a hotel. In order creating a job fair and them sponsor a Movie on television. In addition, Strayer should produce a 30 minute movie to be watched on video on demand about strayer success stories. During each of the previous advertiaiment and sponsorship strayer should advertise for its on demand movie. The range on the TV advertianment and sponsorship is vast. If the sponoship is done at the right time, on lifetime the commercials can be expected to reach 3. 9 milliion viewers. The premiere of Jennifer Love Hewitts original movie on Monday night about a housewife turned prostitute hooked Lifetime the second-largest telefilm delivery of 2010 reaching 3. 9 million viewers on July 19, according to Nielsen data. Included in that total were 2. 09 million adults 25 to 54, 1. 88 million persons 18 to 49, 1. 36 million females 18 to 49 and 1. million women 25 to 54 ( internet source). In addition, Rentrak stated that, VOD viewers spent more than 3. 1 billion hours watching on-demand content last year. In an average month, 45% of enabled set-top boxes are accessing VOD. Active users of VOD are ordering an average of 16. 4 free programs per month, 8. 7 subscription programs and 2. 0 movies-on-demand. Viewers placed 5. 1 billion FOD orders and spent nearly 1. 6 billion hours watching FOD cont ent. Subscription VOD content generated 1. 6 billion transactions and more than 1. 1 billion hours of playtime. Transactional VOD content generated over 208 million orders, totaling over $963 million in gross revenues. Frequency The frequency is the number of times a person must be exposed to an advertising message before a response is made and before exposure is considered wasteful. Thomas Smith wrote a guide called Successful Advertising in 1885 that is still being used today which states found the following: The first time people look at any given ad, they dont even see it. The second time, they dont notice it. The third time, they are aware that it is there. The fourth time, they have a fleeting sense that theyve seen it somewhere before. The fifth time, they actually read the ad. The sixth time they thumb their nose at it. The seventh time, they start to get a little irritated with it. The eighth time, they start to think, Heres that confounded ad again. The ninth time, they start to wonder if theyre missing out on something. The tenth time, they ask their friends and neighbors if theyve tried it. The eleventh time, they wonder how the company is paying for all these ads. The twelfth time, they start to think that it must be a good product. The thirteenth time, they start to feel the product has value. The fourteenth time, they start to remember wanting a product exactly like this for a long time. The fifteenth time, they start to yearn for it because they cant afford to buy it. The sixteenth time, they accept the fact that they will buy it sometime in the future. The seventeenth time, they make a note to buy the product. The eighteenth time, they curse their poverty for not allowing them to buy this terrific product. The nineteenth time, they count their money very carefully. The twentieth time prospects see the ad, they buy what is offering. Based on this philosophy, our frequency number will be 20. During the Advertainment, we will make sure that we expose our attendees to the Job Fair advertisement at least 20 times before the date. During the sponsoring of our movie we will make sure that we involve our advertisement 20 times and have our video on demand advertisement make reference to strayer 20 times.

compcontslave revolt essays

compcontslave revolt essays The American Civil War was inevitable and had numerous causes that led to it. This paper will discuss three important causes of the war the invention of the cotton gin, Nat Turner's rebellion, and the abolitionist movement toward ending slavery. There are many causes of the war, but I feel these three are substantial causes. Each of these events or movements created more tension between the North and the South and eventually war was unavoidable. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney had a great effect on slavery and agriculture in the South. The cotton gin was a machine that removed the seeds from the cotton. Removing the seeds from the cotton was a long and tedious process. This invention made processing cotton relatively fast and easy. The cotton gin's speed allowed the cotton plantations to produce massive amounts of cotton. This became very profitable. To support the harvesting of all of the cotton, more slaves were needed to run the cotton gins and harvest the cotton. This brought more slaves to America and boosted the population of slaves in the South. The increased number of slaves in the South actually helped heighten the problem with slavery. Slavery was becoming more evident and people were becoming more aware that slavery was wrong in both the North and the South. The next cause was a slave named Nat Turner and his actions. Nat was a slave who had found God and religion. Gradually he built a religious following that justified a slave revolt. On August 13, 1831, Turner says he saw a halo around the sun. He thought that this was a sign from God to begin the revolt. This was the beginning of Nat Turner's rebellion. On August 22, 1831, Nat Turner led eight slaves to the Travis's residence, a white family, and murdered five members of their family. The slaves then moved across the county murdering white plantation owners, their families, and other whites that crossed their path. A ...

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mount Nimba Strict Nature Reserve - Essay Example This site is also famous for its bio diversity. As per the findings of UNESCO (World Heritage Nomination, 1992), a number of more than 500 new species of fauna have been discovered in Mount Nimba Reserve and there are more than 200 endemic species. The species diversity found here is rich because of the variety of eco tones created by the presence of grasslands which are tied with the forest. The mammals of Mount Nimba include bushbuck, black duiker, bay duiker, forest buffalo, bush pig, white-bellied pangolin, pygmy hippopotamus, leopard, lion, golden cat, two-spotted palm civet, African civet, forest genet, Johnston's genet, cane rat, African clawless otter, lesser otter shrew and chimpanzees. Apart from the animals, there are a number of rare and endemic bird species as well here in. The forests also contain numerous reptile and amphibian species including West African toad and much variety of frogs (World Heritage Nomination, 1992). This biodiversity includes flora as well. When it comes to the biological interrelationship among the life forms, we should consider the food chain. The bottom tier of the food chain is constituted by the flora including grasses, trees and shrubs. The second tier of the food chain consists of all the animals such as deer and buffaloes that assume plants and grass for their food. Finally, the predators include leopards and lions. The existence of one section is impossible in the absence of another section. Thus, all sections are equally important as they depend on each other for food and existence. Though Mount Nimba was not much affected by human intrusions, it had a severe threat in 1992 by an international consortium as it came forward proposing an iron ore mining site in this area. In addition to this, a large number of refugees from Liberia invaded this park for their inhabitation. As reported in United Nations Environment Programme (2008), The World Heritage Committee expressed its concern over the issue and placed Mount Ni mba among the list of world heritages in danger. In response to the Heritage Committee's concern about the impacts of mining and the refugees to the Mount Nimba, the Guinean Ministry for Energy and Environment in 1995 set up a Management Centre that is answerable to environmental and legal questions, for monitoring the water quality of the region, for socio-economic studies and integrated rural development. The strict prohibition of tourism prevents further human intrusion in the site (United Nations Environment Programme, 2008). On realizing the importance of keeping and preserving the heritage and sanctity of Mount Nimba, on 28 January 1989 a convention was signed by UNDP, UNESCO and the Guinean government to initiate a two-year project to study the impact of traditional agricultural methods and iron ore extraction etc, that disturbed the environmentalists for a while, on the natural values of the site. The project proposed included scientific studies to ascertain complete knowled ge of the reserve's extremely rich and immense ecosystems, and technical measures for monitoring and protecting the biodiversity in it. Being listed in the world heritages list by UNESCO, Mount Nimba is well protected. The prohibition of tourism in this area was as well in the belief that it would help the site to prosper without any hold back (World Heritage Nomination, 1992). There are a lot of things that a man can do to help

Competing in the global arina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Competing in the global arina - Essay Example Globliztion is "neither new nor folly but global movement of ides, people, technology nd goods from one region to others benefiting the people t lrge" (mrty Sen cited Stiglitz 2002, p. 6). The main companies contributed to globalization are McDonald's, General Motors, Wal-Mart, Google and Yahoo! which account for over half of the world's output. This geographical concentration reflects existing economic relations between the North and the South (Bhagwati 98). Rivalling nation-states in their economic power, these corporations control much of the world's investment capital, technology, and access to international markets. In order to maintain their prominent positions in the global marketplace, transnational corporations merge with other corporations. These companies have consolidated their global operations in an increasingly deregulated global labor market. The availability of cheap labor, resources, and favorable production conditions in the global South has enhanced corporate mobility and profitability (Hirst and Thompson 134-135). The main drivers of globalization are technology, free trade and low barriers to trade, investments and democratization processes. A combination of weak and unstable governments, small and vulnerable economies, warlike conditions, and widespread poverty creates unattractive conditions for the major drivers of globalization, especially the global corporations and other private sector investors (Bhagwati 23). Apart from mining and other natural resources extractive industries, these countries are not players in the global economy. Moreover, lack of good governance often means that the proceeds from these economic activities benefit only a select group of elites, giving rise to private armies and guerrilla movements (Stiglitz 90). Price system help companies to sell product around the world and meet diverse customers' needs. Indeed, the network's market share increased even further as a result of the dramatic reduction in the price and size of satellite dishes. Suddenly, such technolog ies became affordable, even for low-income consumers (Bhagwati 21). For instance, a new economic order allows the farmers to produce more than the market can absorb but get paid at a fair price. It also keeps agricultural goods, produced elsewhere more cheaply and efficiently, out of these countries' markets. Globalization, as it relates to trade, is aimed at reducing or eliminating protectionism in order to maintain a level playing field for all trading nations. Still, developing countries continue to face a wide range of nontariff administrative instruments of protectionism, which keep their exports out of the rich markets of developed countries. Protectionism by the developed countries-aimed at keeping developing countries out of the formers' markets especially in sectors such as agriculture, textiles, and light manufacturing where the latter have a decided comparative advantage-is a serious impediment to free trade and globalization and a constant source of conflict in multilate ral negotiations (Hirst and Thompson 98). Contrary to public perception, export subsidies are not an efficient public policy instrument for allocating resources. This is particularly important for developing countr

The Sustainability of Professionalism in Print Journalism in the 21st Century Essay Example for Free

The Sustainability of Professionalism in Print Journalism in the 21st Century Essay Introduction Professionalism in print journalism is being redefined by the tremendous connectivity and widespread use of the Internet in the 21st Century. This state of being is unique to the journalism industry in that is considered to be recidivism from the professional to the amateur. The case of UK print journalism is considered to describe how this has come to be. Professionalism in general is defined as the organization of an industry or profession into a cohesive group with established standards of practice, a code of conduct or ethics and a well-defined structure recognized by the general population and regulated by the government in which members practice.    Professional journalists in particular are required to have qualified from a recognized institution for journalists, licensed by the professional regulation commission and accredited by a recognized association of journalists. However, professionalism in journalism as defined in sociological debate fails to take into account the history that led to the development of the professions. Professions in the UK have developed in an upward fashion, a series of actions that occur without pre-emption and securing professional status as a result. The organization and administration of UK professional services is peculiar to that country, in contrast with the downward orientation of the German professions. (Neal and Morgan, 2000) In this essay, a brief history of British print journalism will be described and recent developments will be taken into account to illustrate how technological innovations have affected journalism and the concept of professionalism. For the purpose of this paper, the term journalism refers specifically to print journalism and journalist or journalists refer to person or group of people in print journalism. History of British journalism In the UK, journalism had developed in an upward orientation. The original spread of news was affected by ordinary citizens in the pursuit of their regular occupations, perhaps as merchants or sales clerks. Some news found itself in print in the weekly news books that served as newspapers during this time but circulation was limited. The onset of the industrial revolution in the mid 19th Century resulted in printing and distribution capabilities that made journalism big business. The rotary printing press, cheap paper and mass literacy led to the rise of mass media. (Wallace, 2006) But as early as the 17th Century, newspapers were already being published in Europe, but the right to print in England was strictly regulated. It took a foreigner from Amsterdam, Joris Veseler to produce the first English-language newspaper in 1620. By 1665, the news book style papers ceased printing with the publication of the Oxford Gazette as the first official journal of record and the Crown newspaper, eventually renamed the London Gazette. By the time of the abolition of the Star Chamber, printing restrictions were lifted, especially at the advent of the Civil War, when news became a precious commodity. Duties paid for paper products and stamps were progressively reduced from the 1830s which encouraged the mass dissemination of newspapers in the country. There were 52 London newspapers in the first quarter of the 19th century, including the two most influential for that period, The Daily University Register, later to become The Times, and The Manchester Guardian, later to be renamed The Guardian. By 1855, newspapers with more mass appeal made its appearance as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, shortening its name to The Daily Telegraph. The first instance of yellow journalism, defined as the sensationalism or tabloidism that proliferated with the rise of partisan newspapers occurred between 1860 and 1910, also the period of the rise of socialist and labour newspapers. The term yellow journalism arose from the circulation battle between Joseph Pulitzer’s The World and William Randolph Hearst’s Journal both in the city of New York. The Daily Herald, the first labour union newspaper, saw the light of day in 1912. The 20th Century and World War I was the scene of the first big newspaper moguls headed by the Harmsworth Brothers and the Berry Brothers and later Max Aitken. The first tabloid newspapers emerged after World War II, dominated in 1963 by Cecil Harmsworth King of the International Publishing House, publishing more than 200 newspapers and magazines, including the record-breaking Daily Mirror. By the 20th century, Fleet Street had become the centre for the British national press, at one time housing over a dozen major daily newspapers with diverse political stances. These included the liberal The Guardian, conservative The Daily Telegraph and Labour party advocate Daily Mirror. However, in the 1980s, the publications started moving away, the last hold-out being British news office Reuters, who moved out in 2005. Professional journalism As earlier mentioned, technological innovations enabled the mass production and distribution of news, which became a lucrative undertaking. This mass circulation gave journalist a wide audience they could influence because most people believe what they read in the papers. At first, the press took on the role as a social conscience, providing the masses with information about what the government and big businesses are doing. But as the resistance to press freedom intensified, the journalistic claim that â€Å"the public has the right to know† gave rise to abuse of press freedom by irresponsible journalists, seeking to raise circulation by publishing   sensationalist articles. In response, legitimate journalists joined forces to impose rigorous standards for investigation and reporting, developing an ethical framework based on impartiality, accuracy, transparency and objectivity. (â€Å"New media journalism: how professional reporters are being influenced by the internet,† 2006) Some critics of this structure maintain that objectivity in journalism is a paradox. What is reported is based on the subjective selection of the journalist of what is in important information, a view that may differ from one journalist to the other. (Media Lens, 2005)   However, The National Union of Journalists even claims that recent attempts by the Press Complaints Commission to improve the Code of Practice for journalism fall short of the ethical standards established by the NUJ and followed by all its members. (â€Å"NUJ Code of Conduct is still stricter than PCC guidelines,† 2007) The following tables encompass the codes as embodied in the PCC and NUJ. Table I: CODE OF PRACTICE (Ratified by the Press Complaints Commission 26th November 1997) Source: http://www.uta.fi/ethicnet/uk2.html All members of the press have a duty to maintain the highest professional and ethical standards. This code sets the benchmarks for those standards. It both protects the rights of the individual and upholds the publics right to know. The code is the cornerstone of the system of self-regulation to which the industry has made a binding commitment. Editors and publishers must ensure that the code is observed rigorously not only by their staff but also by anyone who contributes to their publications. It is essential to the workings of an agreed code that it be honoured not only to the letter but in the full spirit. The code should not be interpreted so narrowly as to compromise its commitment to respect the rights of the individual, nor so broadly that it prevents publication in the public interest. It is the responsibility of editors to co-operate with the PCC as swiftly as possible in the resolution of complaints. Any publication which is criticised by the PCC. under one of the following clauses must print the adjudication which follows in full and with due prominence The public interest There may be exceptions to the clauses marked * where they can be demonstrated to be in the public interest. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The public interest includes: i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Detecting or exposing crime or a serious misdemeanour. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Protecting public health and safety. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Preventing the public from being misled by some statement or action of an individual or organisation. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any case where the public interest is invoked, the Press Complaints Commission will require a full explanation by the editor demonstrating how the public interest was served. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In cases involving children, editors must demonstrate an exceptional public interest to over-ride the normally paramount interests of the child. 1. Accuracy i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Newspapers and periodicals should take care not to publish inaccurate, misleading or distorted material including pictures. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whenever it is recognised that a significant inaccuracy, misleading statement or distorted report has been published, it should be corrected promptly and with due prominence. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An apology must be published whenever appropriate. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Newspapers, whilst free to be partisan, must distinguish clearly between comment, conjecture and fact v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A newspaper or periodical must report fairly and accurately the outcome of an action for defamation to which it has been a party. 2. Opportunity to reply A fair opportunity for reply to inaccuracies must be given to individuals or organisations when reasonably called for. 3. Privacy* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Everyone is entitled to respect for his or her private and family life, home, health and correspondence. A publication will be expected to justify intrusions into any individuals private life without consent ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The use of long lens photography to take pictures of people in private places without their consent is unacceptable. Note Private places are public or private property where there is a reasonable expectation of privacy. 4. Harassment* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists and photographers must neither obtain nor seek to obtain information or pictures through intimidation, harassment or persistent pursuit ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They must not photograph individuals in private places (as defined by the note to clause 3) without their consent; must not persist in telephoning, questioning, pursuing or photographing individuals after having been asked to desist; must not remain on their property after having been asked to leave and must not follow them. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Editors must ensure that those working for them comply with these requirements and must not publish material from other sources which does not meet these requirements. 5. Intrusion into grief or shock In cases involving personal grief or shock, enquiries should be carried out and approaches made with sympathy and discretion. Publication must be handled sensitively at such times but this should not be interpreted as restricting the right to report judicial proceedings. 6.Children* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young people should be free to complete their time at school without unnecessary intrusion. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists must not interview or photograph a child under the age of 16 on subjects involving the welfare of the child or any other child in the absence of or without the consent of a parent or other adult who is responsible for the children. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pupils must not be approached or photographed while at school without the permission of the school authorities. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There must be no payment to minors for material involving the welfare of children nor payments to parents or guardians for material about their children or wards unless it is demonstrably in the childs interest. v)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Where material about the private life of a child is published, there must be justification for publication other than the fame, notoriety or position of his or her parents or guardian. 7. Children in sex cases 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The press must not, even where the law does not prohibit it, identify children under the age of 16 who are involved in cases concerning sexual offences, whether as victims or as witnesses. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In any press report of a case involving a sexual offence against a child i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The child must not be identified. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The adult may be identified. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The word incest must not be used where a child victim might be identified. iv)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Care must be taken that nothing in the report implies the relationship between the accused and the child. 8. Listening Devices* Journalists must not obtain or publish material obtained by using clandestine listening devices or by intercepting private telephone conversations. 9. Hospitals* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists or photographers making enquiries at hospitals or similar institutions should identify themselves to a responsible executive and obtain permission before entering non-public areas. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The restrictions on intruding into privacy are particularly relevant to enquiries about individuals in hospitals or similar institutions. 10. Innocent relatives and friends* The press must avoid identifying relatives or friends of persons convicted or accused of crime without their consent. 11. Misrepresentation* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journalists must not generally obtain or seek to obtain information or pictures through misrepresentation or subterfuge. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Documents or photographs should be removed only with the consent of the owner. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subterfuge can be justified only in the public interest and only when material cannot be obtained by any other means. 12. Victims of sexual assault The press must not identify victims of sexual assault or publish material likely to contribute to such identification unless there is adequate justification and, by law, they are free to do so. 13. Discrimination i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The press must avoid prejudicial or pejorative reference to a persons race, colour, religion, sex or sexual orientation or to any physical or mental illness or disability. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It must avoid publishing details of a persons race, colour, religion, sexual orientation, physical or mental illness or disability unless these are directly relevant to the story. 14. Financial journalism i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even where the law does not prohibit it, journalists must not use for their own profit financial information they receive in advance of its general publication, nor should they pass such information to others. ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They must not write about shares or securities in whose performance they know that they or their close families have a significant financial interest without disclosing the interest to the editor or financial editor. iii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   They must not buy or sell, either directly or through nominees or agents, shares or securities about which they have written recently or about which they intend to write in the near future. 15. Confidential sources Journalists have a moral obligation to protect confidential sources of information. 16. Payment for articles* i)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Payment or offers of payment for stories or information must not be made directly or through agents to witnesses or potential witnesses in current criminal proceedings except where the material concerned ought to be published in the public interest and there is an overriding need to make or promise to make a payment for this to be done. Journalists must take every possible step to ensure that no financial dealings have influence on the evidence that those witnesses may give. (An editor authorising such a payment must be prepared to demonstrate that there is a legitimate public interest at stake involving matters that the public has a right to know. The payment or, where accepted, the offer of payment to any witness who is actually cited to give evidence should be disclosed to the prosecution and the defence and the witness should be advised of this). ii)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii) Payment or offers of payment for stories, pictures or information, must not be made directly or through agents to convicted or confessed criminals or to their associates who may include family, friends and colleagues except where the material concerned ought to be published in the public interest and payment is necessary for this to be done. Table II: CODE OF CONDUCT Adopted on 29 June 1994 by British National Union of Journalists (NUJ). Source: http://www.uta.fi/ethicnet/uk.html A journalist has a duty to maintain the highest professional and ethical standards. A journalist shall at all times defend the principle of the freedom of the press and other media in relation to the collection of information and the expression of comment and criticism. He/she shall strive to eliminate distortion, news suppression and censorship. A journalist shall strive to ensure that the information he/ she disseminates is fair and accurate, avoid the expression of comment and conjecture as established fact and falsification by distortion, selection or misrepresentation. A journalist shall rectify promptly any harmful inaccuracies, ensure that correction and apologies receive due prominence and afford the right of reply to persons criticised when the issue is of sufficient importance. A journalist shall obtain information, photographs and illustrations only by straight- forward means. The use of other means can be justified only by over-riding considerations of the public interest. The journalist is entitled to exercise a personal conscientious objection to the use of such means. Subject to the justification by over-riding considerations of the public interest, a journalist shall do nothing which entails intrusion into private grief and distress. A journalist shall protect confidential sources of information. A journalist shall not accept bribes nor shall he/ she allow other inducements to influence the performance of his/ her professional duties. A journalist shall not lend himself/ herself to the distortion or suppression of the truth because of advertising or other considerations. A journalist shall only mention a persons age, race, colour, creed, illegitimacy, disability, marital status (or lack of it), gender or sexual orientation if this information is strictly relevant. A journalist shall neither originate nor process material which encourages discrimination, ridicule, prejudice or hatred on any of the above-mentioned grounds. A journalist shall not take private advantage of information gained in the course of his/ her duties, before the information is public knowledge. A journalist shall not by way of statement, voice or appearance endorse by advertisement any commercial product or service save for the promotion of his/ her own work or of the medium by which he/ she is employed. As the journalistic profession became more organized and membership into accredited bodies became a requirement for credibility, the influential and powerful only needed to convince a few people in key positions to favour only information gathered from legitimate or â€Å"official† sources. Mainly this was comprised of information doled out by government officials and influential, private individuals. Officialdom began to set the tone for the professional press, and any disagreement to such an agenda began to be considered â€Å"biased† journalism. Statement of opinions was considered unprofessional, unless they happened to concur or reinforce official sources. (Media Lens, 2005) It gradually became necessary to attend journalism school in order to practice as a journalist, another step in the professionalism project. Some decry this as an attempt to mould prospective journalists into the prescribed direction of what is considered legitimate reporting. Some claim that the â€Å"professionalism† taught in journalism schools are highly influenced by big corporate publishers, media monopolies, under the guise of objective and balanced reporting. The training involves presumptions of the proper sources for legitimate news, the so-called â€Å"official sources.† These include prominent public and government figures. (Media Lens, 2005) War and peace Censorship of news is accomplished through a system referred to as the buzz saw. Anyone covering sensitive stories that deal with powerful people may be subject to this, and usually has an adverse effect on journalistic careers. (Media Lens, 2005)   This is especially true when reporting on war. British journalist and war correspondent mused, â€Å"When you stand at the site of a massacre, two things happen. First, you wonder about the depths of the human spirit. And then you ask yourself how many lies can be told about it.† Journalists have accepted that in times of war, the rules of journalism follows certain rules, chief among is to sustain the illusion that government decisions and actions are always just and right, and that the â€Å"other side† is always doing atrocities and lies. This is a form of patriotism that takes precedence over the clear-headed reporting of facts as they occur. It is the unspoken rule that journalists take sides, and always on the side of the government. This has been the case ever since the first civilian British war correspondent was send to Crimea in 1854. British television and radio announcer John Humphrys stated it in a nutshell, â€Å"In times of peace it is our job to question politicians vigorously, with the hope that they will answer the questions in the listeners heads. So long as we do not stray into operational areas and jeopardize our servicemen and servicewomen, I cannot for the life of me see why it should be different in times of war.† (Pesic, 1999) Yet, while in peace time patriotism is not an overt requirement, is it not true that journalists still prefer the status quo? That is, sustaining the balance of power by taking a favourable view of the establishment? It is easy, even encouraged, to report on the good things the powerful and influential are doing. There is no fierce scrambling to verify sources once, twice even thrice, as is in the case of any adverse reporting that may be done against the established order. This appears to be an echoing of the â€Å"we† and â€Å"they† perspective. Unfortunately, the â€Å"we† and â€Å"they† in peacetime involve people of one national identity. This is hardly a defensible position.   And this phenomenon is not peculiar to the British press. In fact, it seems to be the rule for legitimate press all over the world. Amateur journalism The advent of electronic media has challenged this state of journalistic affairs to a significant degree. As a reaction to rising costs associated with printing on paper, the idea to post online unpublished (because of space constraints) articles on a single webpage occurred to journalist and photographer Patrick Trollope in 1998. Interest in the website swiftly grew, encouraging the eventual establishment of the UK’s first online-only regional newspaper Southport Reporter. It is a recognized member of the NUJ and subscribes to the rules and regulations established by the organization. However, it is not the professional websites that has been changing the face of journalism in the world, and perhaps particularly in UK. It is the â€Å"amateur† sites such as web logs, forums, vlogs, even wikis that are defying the control and codes imposed by professionalism advocates. The problem with this amateur journalism, from the point of view of professional journalists, is their blithe unconcern for established order. There are no qualifications to join a forum or to respond to a topic on a weblog. People need not be a journalism graduate to share their knowledge about the best way to get coffee stains out of linen, or to discuss the state of cafeteria food at their children’s school. Perhaps if these sites limited themselves to such inocuous topics then professional journalists would not be so down on â€Å"amateur† journalists. While it is true they are â€Å"unqualified† based on established norms, non-membership in the NUJ or any other association does not prevent a housewife in London to have an opinion, perhaps even knowledge, about the war in Serbia. Professional journalists appear to forget that the first reporters in the UK had similar characteristics to today’s weblogger. They were average citizens with ordinary occupations such as postmasters or travelling salesmen with some news to impart, unverifiable for the most part, yet news nonetheless. At that time, print journalism was the â€Å"new† media, much like what online journalism is today. The most fundamental difference between these two stages of the 17th and 21st Century in journalism is that the latter shared news on the weather, trading, political situation in the surrounding counties and perhaps news from the war, much like what legitimate news is today. The former is more opinion driven, personal views of the world around them and the circumstances that conspire to induce discussion. There are no claims to legitimacy or verifiability from official sources. The new media of electronic reporting is the expression the masses in reaction to the official stand of the privileged few. In a way, it is the new socialism of journalism. Discussion Twentieth century journalist James Cameron, considered by many to be the greatest British journalist of modern times, refers to journalism as a craft rather than a profession, meaning he considered it an occupation which takes years of apprenticeship to hone to a skill. In history, UK journalism has followed a path to professionalism as an inevitable conclusion to pressures of political influence, market forces and the bottom line. Even yellow journalism has found a place in the ranks, albeit at the lower levels of the hierarchy. While it would be irresponsible to categorize this as propaganda, the rigid control and censorship of British journalism that has arisen from the development of the profession has made it less responsive to mass opinion and more inclined to follow the dictates of an official agenda. In the UK, especially, where the passion for following rules of conduct permeates the whole society, professional journalists have had to toe a very fine line indeed. Yet the desire to expose the truth in all its forms has persisted in the manner in which journalists pursue the gathering of information, While this may have no forum in legitimate publications, many have found a voice in the new media of electronic publishing. No rigid rules control the expression of opinion, and while some denounce this as unqualified, even unaccountable, this is no detriment to these thousand, even millions of amateurs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Professionalism in journalism is the pursuit of regulation that attempts to establish legitimacy and credibility in their endeavors. Dissenters and critics of officialdom decry to imposition of censorship and control. This is not necessarily an unfortunate state of affairs, because it provides the public with a basis for opinion, debate and discussion and encourages a healthy watchdog system. Professionalism in journalism will evolve eventually to provide for this growing population of mass-driven media and perhaps this will serve to shift the focus in journalism more from agenda to truth. References Dico, J. Elliott, F. (2006) Journalists have no morality, PM’s wife tells students. Independent News and Media Limited. Retrieved May 16, 2007 from http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/politics/article2016131.ece Dohnanyi, J. Mà ¶ller, C. (2003) The impact of media concentration on professional journalism. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.osce.org/publications/rfm/2003/12/12244_102_en.pdf Evetts, J. (2000) Professions in European and UK Markets; the European Professional Federations. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy Vol. 20 No. 11/12 History of British newspapers. (2007, May 10). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15:00, May 18, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_British_newspapersoldid=129834454 Media Lens (2005) Thought control and â€Å"professional† journalism. Dissident Voice. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.dissidentvoice.org/Nov05/MediaLens1103.htm Neal, M. Morgan, J. (2000) The Professionalisation of Everyone? A comparative study of the development of the professions in the United Kingdom and Germany. European Sociological Review Vol. 16 No.1 pp9-26 NUJ Code of Conduct is still stricter than PCC guidelines. (2007) National Union of Journalists. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.nuj.org.uk/ Pesic, M. (1999) Patriotism versus professionalism. Media Diversity Institute.   Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.media-diversity.org/articles_publications/patriotism%20versus%20professionalism.htm UK ruling seen protecting investigative journalism. (2006) Reuters. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://today.reuters.com/news/articlebusiness.aspx?type=telecommstoryid=nL11772231WTmodLoc=BizArt-R3-Insights-1from=business Wallace, M. (2006) New media journalism: how professional reporters are being influenced by the internet. Robin Good. Retrieved May 17, 2007 from http://www.masternewmedia.org/news/2006/11/10/new_media_journalism_how_professional.htm